Randomization & Stratification Methods: Designing Bias-Resistant Allocation That Regulators Trust
Randomization & Stratification Methods: Designing Bias-Resistant Allocation That Regulators Trust Engineering Allocation, Balance, and Concealment for Decision-Grade Trials Allocation That Withstands Scrutiny: Principles, Concealment, and Operational Controls Randomization is the engine of internal validity. By assigning treatments via a chance mechanism, trials neutralize both known and unknown prognostic factors on average, enabling unbiased estimation and…